CHEM 1.2A THE PARTICLE MODEL

Header image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:States_of_matter_En.svg

1.2A How do scientists explain their observations?

A student should be able to:

4.1 describe the states of matter in terms of particles with varying amounts of energy.

4.2 use the particle model to explain the physical properties of solids, liquids and gases.

4.3 use the particle model to explain evaporation, condensation, boiling, melting and freezing.

4.4 explain density in terms of the particle model.

4.5 calculate density using density = mass / volume, and record with appropriate units.

4.6 identify the benefits and limitations of using models to explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases.

4.1 You should be able to...describe the states of matter in terms of particles with varying amounts of energy.

The States of Matter

Matter on Earth exists as one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/question_everything/3121178414

https://www.tec-science.com/thermodynamics/temperature/temperature-and-particle-motion/

4.1.1 Writing Activity

Write sentences to explain what is happening in each of the pictures in your handout . (Twinkl)

4.1.2 Practical: States of Matter - Being particles

A. Role play being particles as heat is increased and decreased in a:

a) solid

b) liquid

c) gas

B. Using the handout of the diagram at right, draw the cycle with red and blue arrows to show addition and removal of heat.

4.1.3 Dry ice demonstration

View at https://www.abc.net.au/science/surfingscientist/pdf/lesson_plan08.pdf

4.1.4 Practical: Phase Change in Icecream

View at https://www.coursehero.com/file/64569298/Phase-Change-in-Ice-Cream-Recipe-and-Questionsdoc/

4.1.5 Review Activity

Complete 4.3 Changing States Water WS M by clicking the link (right).

Worksheet

4.2 You should be able to...use the particle model to explain the physical properties of solids, liquids and gases.

4.2.3A Practical: Particle arrangement and physical properties

A. Working in groups of 6-8, role play particle arrangement/movement

B. Use role play to predict how each state:

a) occupies space/a container

b) compressibility

4.2.3B Practical: Compressibility of the states and their properties

Carry out an experiment for compressibility of the three states of matter using a needle-less syringe.

a) Gas:

Fill syringe with air only.
Record the reading.
Press the end of the syringe firmly into a rubber bung.
Record the new reading.

b) Liquid:

Fill syringe with water.
Repeat steps 2-4 above.

c) Solid:

Place a ball bearing in the tube.
Press the plunger until its rubber end touches the ball bearing and is completely flattened.
Repeat steps 2-4 above.

4.2.4 Writing Activity

Use the Report Scaffold to write a report for Practical 4.2.2

4.3 You should be able to...use the particle model to explain evaporation, condensation, boiling, melting and freezing.

4.3.1A Activity

To review your understanding of changes in particle arrangement with heat.

From your handout of the picture at right, cut out and glue on the labels for the diagram of solid, liquid and gas for water.
Cut out and glue on the models of the particles (the pictures).
Cut out and glue the labels onto the arrows for the changes of state.
Glue into your workbook.

4.3.1B Activity

To review your understanding of changes in particle arrangement with heat.

From your handout of the picture at right, cut out and glue on the labels for the diagram of the states of matter for water.
Cut out and glue on the models of the particles.
Cut out and glue the labels onto the arrows for the changes of state.
Glue into your workbook.

4.3.2 Review Activity

Equipment: printed cards (solid, liquid, gas) or coloured paper (red, orange, yellow) or heads on desks, eyes closed, using hand signals.

Teacher states a change of state process - melting, evaporation etc.
Teacher states "starting state", students hold up appropriate card.
Teacher states "finishing state", students hold up appropriate card.

4.4 You should be able to...explain density in terms of the particle model.

4.4.1 Reading Activity

In Practical 4.2.2, you looked at how solids, liquids and gases could be compressed.

A gas can be compressed because there is a lot of space between the gas particles.
A liquid can be compressed just a tiny bit, so little we might not be able to measure it, because there is only enough space for the particles to slide over and past each other.
A solid cannot be compressed because the particles are stacked very close together.

How many particles fit into a space is called the density of the substance. What amount or mass will fit into a space or volume = density.

Very dense substances will not compress. Less dense substances can be compressed.

4.4.2 Practical: Particle arrangement

Working in groups of 6-8, role play to show particle arrangement for the states of matter in terms of density.

4.5 You should be able to...calculate density using density = mass / volume, and record with appropriate units.

4.5.1A Practical: Calculating density by measuring volume

Equipment/Materials

Ruler
Calculator
Electronic scales
Cubes of different metals, wood, plastic (dice) etc

Procedure

Create a table like the one below. Count the number of samples you have and add one for the number of rows in your table.
Measure the length, width and height and record in the table.
Using your calculator, calculate the volume by multiplying the length x width x height (Columns 2 x 3 x 4). Record in the volume in column (5).
Measure the mass using the electronic scales. Record in Column 6.
Using your calculator, calculate the density using the formula: Density = Mass ÷ Volume (Column 6 ÷ Column 5). Record the density in Column 7.

4.5.1B Practical: Measuring density by displacement of water

Using 4.4 Measuring Mass and Volume

Measure mass on an electronic balance.
Measure volume of water displaced.
Calculate density using
Density = mass / volume

4.6 You should be able to...identify the benefits and limitations of using models to explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases.

4.6.1 Activity

Construct and complete a table with:

title How helpful is the particle model?
headings Benefits, Limitations
rows Size, Colour, Distance

Discuss the cells of the table as a class e.g. How is the size of the model a benefit? How is the size a limitation?
Use dot points to complete the table using the discussion from #2.

4.7 Review

4.7.1 Practical: Making oobleck - a non-Newtonian liquid

Some liquids don't follow normal rules. They are called non-Newtonian fluids.

Collect cornstarch, evaporating basin, teaspoon.

2. Add 3 teaspoons of cornstarch to an evaporating basin.

3. Add 2 teaspoons of water and stir until it just dissolves the cornstarch.

4. Stir the mixture. What state is it like?

5. Gently tap the spoon or your finger vertically into the mixture.
What state is it like?

https://www.flickr.com/photos/shellyfryer/29888973311/

4.7.2A Activity

Complete Particle Model Quick assessment HO by clicking the link (right)

Worksheet

2. Complete Particle Model WS1 M by clicking the link (right).

Worksheet

4.7.3A Activity

3. View answers in Particle Model WS1 M Ans by clicking the link (right).

Answers

4.7.3B Activity

Complete Particle Model WS2 by clicking the link (right).

Worksheet

4.7.3B Activity

2. View answers in Particle Model WS2 Ans by clicking the link (right).

Answers

4.7.4 Activity

Complete Particle Theory rReview by clicking the link (right).

Worksheet

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CHEM 1.2A THE PARTICLE MODEL

1.2A How do scientists explain their observations?

4.1 You should be able to...describe the states of matter in terms of particles with varying amounts of energy.

4.1.1 Writing Activity

4.1.2 Practical: States of Matter - Being particles

4.1.3 Dry ice demonstration

4.1.4 Practical: Phase Change in Icecream

4.1.5 Review Activity

4.2 You should be able to...use the particle model to explain the physical properties of solids, liquids and gases.

4.2.1 Activity

4.2.2A Activity M

4.2.2B Activity

4.2.3A Practical: Particle arrangement and physical properties

4.2.3B Practical: Compressibility of the states and their properties

4.2.4 Writing Activity

4.3 You should be able to...use the particle model to explain evaporation, condensation, boiling, melting and freezing.

4.3.1A Activity

4.3.1B Activity

4.3.2 Review Activity

4.4 You should be able to...explain density in terms of the particle model.

4.4.1 Reading Activity

4.4.2 Practical: Particle arrangement

4.5 You should be able to...calculate density using density = mass / volume, and record with appropriate units.

4.5.1A Practical: Calculating density by measuring volume

4.5.1B Practical: Measuring density by displacement of water

4.6 You should be able to...identify the benefits and limitations of using models to explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases.

4.6.1 Activity

4.7 Review

4.7.1 Practical: Making oobleck - a non-Newtonian liquidSome liquids don't follow normal rules. They are called non-Newtonian fluids.

4.7.2A Activity

4.7.3A Activity

4.7.3B Activity

4.7.3B Activity

4.7.4 Activity

4.7.1 Practical: Making oobleck - a non-Newtonian liquid

Some liquids don't follow normal rules. They are called non-Newtonian fluids.